What is the Purpose of Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 894 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: Philosophy Of Education Essay Did you like this example? I believe the purpose of education is that all people have the opportunity to learn. Education will unlock the mind of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Education will cause children to unlock knowledge and become boys and girls that will turn out to be men and women in society who can function successfully in society. Who should receive an education? Everyone born into this world should receive an education. Everyone learn different so no matter what it takes, everyone should be given the right to an education. I believe that all children are different therefore each children is unique in his or her own way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is the Purpose of Education?" essay for you Create order How should the learning environment be structured, both physically and emotionally? The learning environment should first of all be safe and hazard free. It should be a warm loving environment that make anyone feel safe and welcome. The environment should nurture a childs emotions so that the child will be able to adjust and open up to their environment which will promote that child to adapt to a learning environment. What are your responsibilities and obligations as an educator of young children or youth? My responsibilities as an educator is to make sure all children are treating fairly. I must make sure children have a safe place to learn and develop in every area of life. Each child must feel safe and happy while making learning fun and exciting. As, an early childhood educator, it is my responsibility to promote learning through play. I must also encourage independence and creativity. The educator must stimulate intellectual curiosity and understand the world around them. Every educator must understand that each child is different and they all learn on different levels. Each child is different, so teaching should be different. What roles do the parents, school administrators, and community at large play in education? Parents play a large play in the life of their child. Their parent is their first role model. Parents should model a good attitude about learning and that will inspire their child to be positive about their educational journey. A childs first learning starts with the parent. Children begin to learn from the time they are conceived in the womb of the mother. Parents begin to read to their child and let the child listen to music. Mothers even talk to the child in the womb. The parents and the community should make sure children have a safe learning environment. Community is a casual and energetic agency of education. It is defined as a group of families settled together in a particular area with more or less common practices, ideals, ideas, values and culture. There are different agencies that support the community such as: museums, art galleries, libraries, music drama centers, recreation centers, religious and secular institution. The administrator works with the staff to make sure everyone is collaborating and working toward the same common goals and opportunities. The administrator come up with a team to support the childs goals. The administrator play a vital role in planning the curriculum, standard testing, goals, timelines, budgets, and state regulations. Most administrators learn strategies how to relate to all children background. How should educators teach children and youth? Every educator must understand that each child is different and they all learn on different levels. Each child is different, so teaching should be different. The educator should provide goals with the children abilities in mind and include physical and intellectual accomplishments. Children should be introduced to art, music, pre-math, social-self, pre-reading and kindergarten readiness activities as the child shows interest. The educator should keep the child motivated about learning. What should educators teach children and youth? Educator should teach developmentally appropriate activities that change with the age and experience of the learner. The teacher should take in account of the childs cultural background. Teachers may have to come up with different strategies as to how to teach a child. A formal curriculum should be planned program of objectives, contents, learning experiences, resources and assessments offered by a school. Informal curriculum is not planned, its randomly done. Extra Curriculum Fall outside of the normal curriculum Each one of these curriculums play a vital part in the education of a child. I believe a curriculum should always be in place. The curriculum help the educator to stay focused on what they are teaching the children. It helps to track the childs progress. It will help to determine a childs weaknesses and strengthens. I believe sometimes an educator has to stray away from the curriculum or use another learning tool to help the child to learn the curriculum. I think that the educator should do what is necessary to promote the child in learning. I plan to help each child grow to their full potential in learning and at the same time making learning fun and exciting. What do you value? Should educators teach these (or any other) values? As an early childhood educator, we have an incredible opportunity and power to make a difference in the lives of our students. I value my students present and future education. During the first three years of a childs life, essential brain and neural development occurs. Therefore, children greatly benefit by receiving education before kindergarten. This is a key value that every educator should focus on because our job as an early childhood professional is extremely important.

The Declaration Of An Arab Identity Of A United Lebanon

Introduction The Taif agreement tried to abolish sectarianism and declare an Arab identity of a united Lebanon; however, in practice it perpetuated sectarianism through confessionalism and restructuring the National Pact political system in Lebanon. It also failed to provide a concrete Arab identity or unified Lebanon in practice, instead sectarian identities prevailed. The situation before the agreement The Ta’if accords modify the â€Å"rules of the game† of prewar Lebanon but they do not change their basic character; they might even be making them worse. Body 1: The Taif agreement perpetuated sectarianism through†¦ The Taif Agreement was the document that provided the basis for the ending of the civil war and the return to political the so called â€Å"normalcy† in Lebanon. It constituted a compromise among the Lebanese political parties and groups. The agreement defined the nation s political system as a parliamentary democracy, based on the principles of separation, balance, and cooperation among the various branches of government. Most importantly it confirmed the unity of Lebanon and stated that the abolition of political sectarianism constitutes a basic national goal to be achieved according to a gradual scheme. However, this national goal has never been achieved. The Taif agreement both re-codified sectarianism and worked as a catalyst for it in practice. Sectarianism was mainly re-codified because the agreement implicitly ratified the National Pact of 1943 andShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Ottoman Empire1982 Words   |  8 PagesWWI France got the territory of Syria and Lebano n and Brittan got the territory of Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Iraq. The United States left the Europeans to deal with the Middle East however they always protected their interests, such as protecting their oil interests. The U.S spoke out against the Armenian Genocide and supported Zionism. After WWII American policies regarding the Middle East dealt with fighting communism, changing the views that Arabs had of the U.S, and replace them with a pro-westernRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict And Arab Palestinian Conflict3221 Words   |  13 PagesThe  Arab–Israeli conflict  is the political and military conflict between the nation of Israel and specific Arab countries. The Arab–Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century as a result of the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism. The two sides have fought over land that both parties regard as their holy land. The Jews looked to reclaim the land promised to them by God after their escape from slavery in Egypt. The Arabs, who already resided on and owned the land, looked to maintain their ownershipRead MoreA Mixture Of Historical And Currents Facts About Israel Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesMandate for Palestine (1920), which directed the administrative control by Britain of the territory formally under Ottoman Empire rule, ended on May 14, 1948. According to the United States Central Intelligence Agency (2016), or CIA, the United Nations then proposed a plan that would divide that same area into Jewish and Arab states after millions of Jews were displaced from Nazi-Germany. On the same day, inspired by the dream of Jewish sovereignty, Israel was declared a state in Tel Aviv (State ofRead MoreLong Term and Short Term Causes of the Arab/ Israeli Conflict1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe Arab Israeli conflict. The Arab/Israeli conflict is a conflict between the Arabs and the Jews over a small piece of land known as the holy land which is an area in the Middle East of the Arab world. 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Great Britain and France would ultimately change what was a relatively quiet region in the Ottoman Empire into some of the least stable and hostileRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Between Islam And Judaism Essay1466 Wor ds   |  6 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict resulted not from a century long feud between Islam and Judaism, but from â€Å"claims to the same territory by competing nationalist movements.† These two movements, Zionism and Arab Nationalism, showcase the emerging question of identity during the 19th and 20th centuries. The Arab states, long ruled by Western colonial powers, emerged from the Mandate system weak and powerless. Why British troops did not leave Palestine until May 1st, 1948. Prior to this, the British proclaimedRead MoreThe Israeli Palestine Conflict And Conflict1430 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Map http://www.worldmapsonline.com/images/murals/miller_world_physical_wall_mural_lg.jpg Israeli-Palestine Conflict The Israeli-Palestine conflict is an ongoing conflict that began in 1947. Nationalist movements by Jewish and Arab groups with the aims of attaining sovereignty for their people. The collision between these two groups led to the development of Palestinian nationalism in the 1920’s, which then escalated into the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Location The Israeli-PalestineRead MoreNationalist Movements of the Middle East and South Asia after WW11065 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Middle East were able to see the need for self government away from foreign control. This sparked a number of nationalist movements during the 1920’s and 1930’s. The Middle East had to Westernize to rid foreign control while India had to be united under non-violence and Hindu values. 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Midnight in Sicily free essay sample

Though I was onto member, I attended APP tutoring for math, physics, chemistry, English- you name it. In the math room, I would find myself grasping concepts well and helping other classmates with Weber and homework assignments. The APP program has grown close to my heart and the connections and friendships I have formed because Of it will remain well past my undergraduate career. As an APP summer tutor and/or tutor counselor wish to gain experience with teaching since I am strongly considering a career in education.I have much to offer if hired for this position. Am a highly motivated student with strong time management skills. Eave never missed a class and/or an assignment in any class at Union. I look forward to helping the incoming APP students with academics as well as time management skills and acclimation to the college atmosphere. Adapting to the college lifestyle can be challenging, as I have determined from personal experience, and I would enjoy helping students navigate this excitingly demanding time. We will write a custom essay sample on Midnight in Sicily or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being a Union College gatekeeper has also enhanced my public speaking skills. As a very personable and outgoing person, I am largely a team player and enjoy working with others. I believe that working with others is the most effective way to learn. Alee the one-on-one collaborations as well as group efforts to solve a problem. Tutoring offers a unique opportunity to work closely with students to help them understand the material, something that have excelled at doing with classmates in current courses.As a result of taking academics very seriously, I have excelled in both of my fields of study. However, this is not to say have not struggled at times with the material. Both mathematics and chemistry are challenging, especially for those who are more interested in non-math or science majors. I realize that there will be times where students will struggle with material and I am well quipped to handle such situations. Because have struggled with the material myself am better prepared to guide students through similar challenges.In addition to being a personable, hard-working student, I would also describe myself as a motivating person, encouraging others to strive toward their goals. The position Of an APP summer tutor is primarily to aid students academically, yet, also holds a mentoring component. I value the role of a mentor very strongly, as have had several in my academic career and personal life. Aspire to accommodate students with whatever needs they ay possess and be a source of both academic and emotional support.I anticipate that this APP summer tutoring opportunity will be extremely advantageous in allowing me to (1 ) promote the early success of and (2) form valuable connections with the incoming APP Class of 2016. Additionally, this opportunity has the potential to strengthen my teaching skills and provide experience to deliberate between several possible career aspirations. Given my initial positive exposure to the APP program it would mean a lot to me to have the opportunity to become an effective contributor to the APP family.

Origins, Characteristics, and Consequences of Technological Systems

Introduction Technological systems are usually very dynamic and complex. Their complexities stem from the impact they have on the environment and other aspects of human life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Origins, Characteristics, and Consequences of Technological Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The electrification process also shares this complexity because since its birth, electrification has greatly influenced the economic, political, and social aspects of life. For instance, many people have experienced some form of electrification at one point in their lives. This way, electrification has served different purposes in life, including being an object of transportation, profit making, a political issue, and an element of spectacle (Bijker Hughes 1987). Even though electrification has had an immense impact on human life, the electrification process still baffles many people (Bijker Hughes 1987). The refore, electrification has been, for a long time, a mystery to many people. For example, Bijker Hughes (1987) say â€Å"Electricity is a carrier of light and power, devour of time and space, bearer of human speech over land and sea, and the greatest servant of man, yet it is unknown to many people† (p. 106). Therefore, even though electrification may seem like a simple process, it is not. In fact, Bijker Hughes (1987) say electrification is a process of several political, technical, and ideological systems that all work together to create the â€Å"electrification† experience. Technological systems also share this complexity because technological systems are also processes of several political, technical, and ideological systems that work together to create the technological system (Allen 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper draws from the above co mplexities to show the relationship between technological systems and the electrification process. Specifically, this paper uses the above relationship to demonstrate that the electrification process and technological systems are both complex and related. Therefore, through their complexities, this paper identifies several parallels that show how both systems work. More specifically, this paper uses the electrification process to show the characteristics and outcomes of technological systems. Broadly, this essay takes the example of electrification to show the origins, characteristics, and consequences of technological systems. Through this analogy, this paper shows that the origins of technology span through four eras – pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic eras. Through these eras, technological systems have gained several characteristics, like inter-connectivity, control, and hierarchy. Comprehensively, this paper uses these characteristics to show that technological systems have had an immense impact on the society by solving human problems, advancing human goals, and instilling social control. Origins of Technological Systems Many experts compare the history of technological systems to the history of humanity (Brady 2011). Some experts draw parallels between technological systems and humanity to show that technological systems are as old as humanity (Brady 2011). Indeed, since the existence of humanity, technological systems have characterized human life. However, different forms of technological systems characterize different points of human evolution. Nonetheless, the history of technological systems aligns with different stages of evolution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Origins, Characteristics, and Consequences of Technological Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brady (2011) says that four ages define the growth and development of technologi cal systems – pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electrification. Pre-mechanical The earliest forms of technological systems trace to the pre-mechanical age where people started communicating using language and simple drawings. This period falls between 3000 B.C and 400 A.D (Brady 2011). In this age, people used simple picture drawings such as petroglyths and the Phoenician alphabet to communicate. Through an increased popularity of the alphabet, people started to develop pen and paper for easy communication (written texts). The first forms of writing manifested as simple marks on wet clay, but as technology improved, people started to write on paper. People developed the first forms of paper from the papyrus plant. Some people (like the Chinese) also developed paper from other materials like rags (their paper was very popular) (Brady 2011). Since people had already embraced paper as the acceptable form of communication, the need for storing paper emerged. Con sequently, people developed books and libraries. Through such developments, scrolls (like the popular Egyptian scrolls) also emerged (other societies preferred to bind paper together and make booklets) (Brady 2011). Through the creation of booklets and the need to store information in this form, people developed the numbering system.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indians developed the first sets of numbers (one to nine). However, it was not until 775 years later when people developed the number â€Å"0† as an integral part of the human numerical system (Brady 2011). Since numbers became an integral part of human life, people started to apply numbers in many aspects of trade and economic activities (calculators emerged through this development). In fact, many historians say calculators were the first forms of information processing systems (Brady 2011). The abacus was among the first popular forms of information processing systems (calculator). Mechanical Age The second age of technological system development is the mechanical age. This age outlines the link between current and past technologies. The mechanical age falls between the years 1450 and 1840 (Brady 2011). This period saw the proliferation of many new technologies, and an increased interest in the same area (information technology). Certainly, during the same period, scientis ts developed many new technologies, like the slide rule. Such technologies could multiply and divide numbers, thereby complementing numerical functions, as described in the pre-mechanical period. During the same period, some of the earliest technology inventors, like Blaise Pascal, invented the first mechanical computers (Brady 2011). Other scientists and engineers, like Charles Babbage, also developed some of the earliest engines (difference engine) during this period. Such engines tabulated polynomial equations using finite differences (Brady 2011). Comprehensively, many types of machines emerged during the mechanical age. Electromechanical age The electromechanical age bears a close resemblance to modern machines. Historians estimate that the electromechanical age spans between 1840 and 1940 (Brady 2011). This period marked the beginning of the telecommunication period. For example, scientists developed the telegraph machine and the Morse code during this time. Graham Bell, Gugli elmo Marconi, and Harvard scientists also developed the first telephone, first radio, and the first large scale digital computer respectively, during the same period (Brady 2011). Electronic Age The fourth age offers the most compelling understanding of the growth and development of technological systems because it defines the electronic age that affects us today. The electronic age started from around 1940 and its spans through several decades, to date (Brady 2011). Through the same era, the birth of the electrification era occurred. Characteristics of technological Systems Inter-Connectivity Like many systems, technological systems have an input and output. The same is also true for electrical systems because they also have an input and an output. For example, heat and mechanical energy outline the inputs of an electrical system and electrical energy defines its output (Bijker Hughes 1987). However, the outputs of technological systems come from the different components that defi ne the system. Components that define technological systems include physical artifacts, organizations, and legislative artifacts (Bijker Hughes 1987). These artifacts normally work together to achieve the common goal of the technological system. Therefore, if one artifact misses from the system, alterations to other artifacts, or the entire system, may occur. For example, in an electric system, any alteration to one system component may cause changes in transmission or distribution of power (Bijker Hughes 1987). If this example mirrored an institutional framework, a change of policy in one area would lead to the change of policy in another area. However, these interconnected systems are socially constructed artifacts because system builders develop technological systems (Bijker Hughes 1987). Comparatively, the same people who build electrical appliances are the same people who construct and develop manufacturing companies or electrical companies. Ordinarily, these groups of peopl e develop electrical hardware and their associated companies (two groups of people undertake both tasks) (Bijker Hughes 1987). Nonetheless, their tasks show that technological systems are interconnected artifacts. Limits of Control Technological systems are subject to artificial and natural limits of control. Environmental control is one such limit of control that characterizes technological systems. The characteristic of technological systems as processes of environmental control stem from the role that organizational components play as system-builder creations. Certainly, technological systems are often subject to environmental factors that are beyond the control of the operation managers (Lee Bai 2003). However, not all these factors are organized. For example, if the supply of energy surfaces as part of the technological system, it then becomes part of the technological system. Since the limits of control define technological systems, users have always tried to delimit the sys tem. For example, throughout history, technology has strived to incorporate environmental factors into their systems so that they reduce the effect of environmental uncertainties. In closed systems, where the influence of the environment is non-existent, managers often resort to bureaucracies, and routine as possible ways of controlling some unexpected environmental factors (Bijker Hughes 1987). From the above analysis, two types of environmental factors surface as the most significant limits of technological systems – independent and dependent factors. The same limitations apply to the electrification process. For example, the supply of fuel to a power system often surfaces as an important environmental limit that influences electric or power supply systems. Concisely, the electrification process shares control limits with technological systems because load dispatching centers and human load dispatchers limit electrification processes (Bijker Hughes 1987). These dispatchin g centers control the power loads and transmissions throughout the electrical system. Furthermore, human limitations, through standards and specifications, limit the designs of the dispatching centers (Hughes 1979). The introduction of these standards to the electrification process may include the inclusion of utilities, banks, and agencies that are supposed to protect the relevant regulations. The inclusion of these agencies outlines part of a larger hierarchical structure that controls utility management (Hughes 1979). If we compare the above situation to the electrification process, the interconnection between electric utilities and other forms of utilities may create a centrally focused electric light and power system that controls the entire electrification process. These regional and central structures often integrate at different levels. For example, electric utilities may integrate with coal mining companies, or other companies that use electricity utilities. Such types of i ntegrations were common during the First World War and the Second World War (Bijker Hughes 1987). The limit of control that defines technological systems also manifest through a self-check system where human intervention not only manifests through the design of the technological system, or its innovation, but also in the feedback system, where users may make improvements to merge the technological functions of the system with their intended goals (Hughes 1979). In so doing, people create limits to the technological system by correcting the existing system errors. The involvement of people in the control of the technological system depends on their degree of autonomy with the system. This autonomy is often subject to the bureaucracies that surround the application of the system (Hughes 1979). Bijker Hughes (1987) say that old systems are often easier to control, as they are less adaptable to change. Therefore, like old people, old systems are often rigid, but similarly, unlike peop le, older systems may not easily fade away and become frail. Comparatively, large systems often exert a lot of pressure on smaller systems, thereby exerting a sphere of control in this regard. Hierarchy Hierarchy is a common attribute of technological systems. This attribute emanates from the preference by inventors and organizers of technological systems to design technological systems in a hierarchical manner (Bijker Hughes 1987). This hierarchical structure may define the interacting physical artifacts of a system, or the same artifacts may manifest as a system that shares different subcomponents (Hughes 1979). The same model may also manifest through the interaction of organizations. For example, in an electric power system, interacting physical artifacts may be turbines or generators (Bijker Hughes 1987). More specifically, these physical artifacts may have subsystems of their own. The understanding of technological systems as hierarchal systems may however fail to show the t rue picture of technological systems. For example, important components of an electric light or power system, such as social costs and other external factors, may not materialize in the understanding of the entire system (Hughes 1979). Similarly, engineering books may only concentrate on technical systems without incorporating the social or intangible aspects of the engineering system (Bijker Hughes 1987). Therefore, students who use such books often get a distorted picture that system development circumscribes perfectly, while it does not. This distortion may also characterize the technological system as it often focuses on the technical aspects of its development, thereby neglecting the social aspects of the same model. Albeit hierarchy may not be perfect, it still forms an integral characteristic of technological systems. Consequences of Technological Systems Problem Solving and Goal Fulfilling Scientists designed technological systems to solve problems and fulfill specific goal s (Hughes 1979). Most of the designs that characterize technological systems concern the reorganization of the â€Å"real† world through technology. Such designs may portray technological systems as postdated solutions to a problem. For example, the creation of electrical utilities created the demand for electrical products, which people could use when electricity consumption was low (Bijker Hughes 1987). Through such creations, technological systems have provided many solutions to social and economic problems. Therefore, the problem-solving task is the main preoccupation of technological systems as they seek to redefine the material world, to improve its efficiency and productivity. Social Control Businesspersons, police, and politicians appreciate the importance of technology in bringing social order (Nye 1991). Indeed, technological systems provide useful tools of social control. Again, a parallel exists between technological systems (as a tool of control) and electrifica tion because there are numerous examples that show how electrification acts as a tool for social control as well. For example, streetlights prevent muggers and thieves from going about their criminal activities, freely. Electric bells that most people install on clocks also help people to know the right time by ringing when they are set to do so. Furthermore, electric burglar alarms are useful in detecting forced entry into premises, thereby proving to be helpful in preventing trespass and thefts of property (Nye 1991). Similarly, authorities may use electric loudspeakers to warn people about impending disasters, or inform them about an important issue (Nye 1991). More examples of how electrification supports social control manifest in the control of traffic through electric traffic lights and the installation of electric fences to control livestock and intruders. Comprehensively, technological systems are useful to the society by bringing social order and solving some of the most p ressing problems in human life. Conclusion The re-organization of the world, through technology opens new opportunities for development and the advancement of human goals. This paper highlights the positive aspects of technological systems that have aided human development. However, it is also important to appreciate that technological systems also have their ethical and moral considerations. Therefore, even though some societies, have fully embraced these technological systems, others are still aware about their devastating effects on the society (such as warfare and environmental destruction). Therefore, it is crucial to understand that, albeit technological systems may provide immense benefits to humanity, they may also have a negative effect on humanity in the same regard. References Allen, J 2000, ‘Information systems as technological innovation’, Information Technology People, vol. 13 no. 3, pp. 210 – 221. Bijker, W Hughes, T 1987, The Social Construction of Technological Systems, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Brady, W 2011, History of Information Technology. Web. Hughes, T 1979, ‘The Electrification of America: The System Builders’, Technology and Culture, vol. 20 no. 1, pp. 124–161. Lee, G Bai, R 2003, ‘Organizational mechanisms for successful IS/IT strategic planning in the digital era’, Management Decision, vol. 41 no. 1, pp. 32 – 42. Nye, D 1991, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. This essay on Origins, Characteristics, and Consequences of Technological Systems was written and submitted by user Silver Gorilla to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Status of His Dream Today

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Status of His Dream Today On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people, mostly African Americans, gathered at the National Mall for The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. They came to express their discontent with the persistent racism of the nation, particularly that of the southern states where Jim Crow laws maintained racially separate and unequal societies. This gathering is considered a major event within the Civil Rights movement, and a catalyst for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, for subsequent protests that followed, and for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This day is most well remembered, though, for a spontaneous description of a better future given by The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., during his famous I Have a Dream speech. Prompted by Mahalia Jackson, who urged him to break from his prepared words to tell the crowd about his dream, King said: I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.  I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.  I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.  I have a dream today.  I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, w ith its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. The Philosophy and Practicalities of Dr. Kings Dream Dr. Kings dream of a society no longer plagued by racism reflected the one he and other members of the Civil Rights movement hoped would be the result of collective efforts to end systemic racism. Taking account of the many initiatives that Dr. King was a part of, and leader to, during his life, one can see the components and bigger picture of this dream. The dream included an end to racial segregation; an unimpeded right to vote and protection from racial discrimination in electoral processes; equal labor rights and protection from racial discrimination in the workplace; an end to police brutality; an end to racial discrimination in the housing market; minimum wage for all;  and economic reparations for all people hurt by the nations history of racism. The foundation of Dr. Kings work was an understanding of the connection between racism and economic inequality. He knew that Civil Rights legislation, useful though it would be, would not erase 500 years of economic injustice. So, his vision of a just society was premised on economic justice writ-large. This manifested in the Poor Peoples Campaign, and his critique of government funding of wars instead of public services and social welfare programs. A virulent critic of capitalism, he advocated for a systemic redistribution of resources. The Status of the Dream Today: Educational Segregation More than fifty years later, if we take stock of the various aspects of Dr. Kings dream, it is clear that it remains largely unrealized.  Though the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed racial segregation in schools, and a painful and bloody process of desegregation followed,  a May 2014 report from The Civil Rights Project at the University of California-Los Angeles found that schools have regressed to racial segregation over the last couple of decades. The study found that most white students attend schools that are 73 percent white, that the percentage of Black students in mostly minority schools has risen over the last two decades, that Black and Latino students are mostly sharing the same schools, and that the rise in segregation has been most dramatic for Latino students.  The study also found that segregation plays out across both race and class lines, with white and Asian students primarily attending middle-class schools, while black and Latino students are relegated to po or schools. Other studies show that black students face discrimination within schools that leads to them receiving more frequent and harsher discipline than their peers, which disrupts their educational process. The Status of the Dream Today: Voter Disenfranchisement Despite voter protections, racism still prohibits equal participation in democracy. As A. Gordon, a civil rights attorney wrote for The Root, passage of strict voter ID laws in 16 states are likely to bar many Black people from voting, as they are less likely to have state issued ID than persons of other races, and are more likely to be asked for ID than are white voters. Cuts to early voting opportunities are also likely to impact the Black population, who are more likely to take advantage of this service. Gordon also points out that implicit racial bias is likely to impact decisions made by those serving voters when issues of eligibility come up, and noted that a recent study found that legislators in support of stricter voter ID laws were more likely to respond to questions from a constituent when that person had a white name versus a name signaling Latino or African American heritage. The Status of the Dream Today: Workplace Discrimination While de jure  discrimination in the work place and hiring processes has been outlawed, de facto  racism has been documented by numerous studies over the years. Findings include that potential employers are more likely to respond to applicants with names they believe signal white race than those of other races; employers are  more likely to promote white men over all others;  and, faculty at universities are more likely to respond to prospective graduate students when they believe that person is a white male. Further, the persistent racial wage gap continues to show that the labor of white people is valued more than that of blacks and Latinos. The Status of the Dream Today: Housing Segregation Like education, the housing market remains segregated on the basis of race and class.  A 2012 study by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development  and the Urban Institute found that, though overt discrimination is mostly a thing of the past, subtle forms persist, and have clear negative consequences. The study found that real estate agents and housing providers routinely and systemically show more available properties to white people than they do to persons of all other races, and that this occurs across the nation. Because they have fewer options to choose from, racial minorities face higher housing costs. Other studies have found that Black and Latino homebuyers were disproportionately directed to unstable subprime mortgages, and as a result, were  far more likely than whites to lose their homes during the home mortgage foreclosure crisis. The Status of the Dream Today: Police Brutality In terms of police violence, since 2014, nationwide attention has turned to this deadly problem. Protests against the killing of unarmed and innocent black men and boys prompted many social scientists to revisit and republish data that show unequivocally that Black men and boys are racially profiled by police, and arrested, assaulted, and killed by officers at rates that far exceed those of other races. Critical work by the Department of Justice has brought improvements to many police departments across the nation, but the unending news of police killings of Black men and boys shows that the problem is widespread and persistent. The Status of the Dream Today: Economic Inequality Finally, Dr. Kings dream of economic justice for our nation is equally unrealized. Though we have minimum wage laws, the shift in work from stable, full-time jobs to contract and part-time work with minimum pay has left half of all Americans in or on the brink of poverty. The nightmare that King saw in the discrepancy between spending on war and spending on public services and social welfare has only gotten worse since then. And, instead of economic restructuring in the name of justice, we now live in the most economically unequal time in modern history, with the richest one percent controlling about half of all the worlds wealth. Black and Latino people continue to lag far behind white people and Asian Americans in terms of income and family wealth, which negatively impacts their quality of life, health, access to education, and overall life chances. We All Must Fight for the Dream The resurgent black Civil Rights movement, operating under the slogan Black Lives Matter, seeks to raise awareness of and combat these problems. But making Dr. Kings dream into a reality is not the work of black people alone, and it will never be a reality so long as those of us who are not burdened by racism continue to ignore its existence and consequences. Fighting racism, and creating a just society, are things for which each and every one of us bears responsibility- especially those of us who have been its beneficiaries.

Time Dilation Effects in Physics

Time Dilation Effects in Physics Time dilation is the phenomenon where two objects moving relative to each other (or even just a different intensity of gravitational field from each other) experience different rates of time flow. Relative Velocity Time Dilation The time dilation seen due to relative velocity stems from special relativity. If two observers, Janet and Jim, are moving in opposite directions and as they pass by each other they note that the other persons watch is ticking slower than their own. If Judy were running alongside Janet at the same speed in the same direction, their watches would be ticking at the same rate, while Jim, going in the opposite direction, sees both of them having slower-ticking watches. Time seems to pass slower for the person being observed than for the observer. Gravitational Time Dilation Time dilation due to being at different distances from a gravitational mass is described in the general theory of relativity. The closer you are to a gravitational mass, the slower your clock seems to be ticking to an observer farther from the mass. When a spaceship nears a black hole of extreme mass, observers see time slowing to a crawl for them. These two forms of time dilation combine for a satellite orbiting a planet. On the one hand, their relative velocity to observers on the ground slows time for the satellite. But the farther distance from the planet means time goes faster on the satellite than on the surface of the planet. These effects may cancel each other, but also can mean a lower satellite has slower-running clocks relative to the surface while higher-orbiting satellites have clocks running faster relative to the surface. Time Dilation Examples The effects of time dilation are used often in science fiction stories, dating back to at least the 1930s. One of the earliest and most well-known thought experiments to feature time dilation is the famous Twin Paradox, which demonstrates the curious effects of time dilation at its most extreme. Time dilation becomes most apparent when one of the objects is moving at nearly the speed of light, but it manifests at even slower speeds. Here are just a few ways we know time dilation actually takes place: Clocks in airplanes click at different rates from clocks on the ground.Putting a clock on a mountain (thus elevating it, but keeping it stationary relative to the ground-based clock) results in slightly different rates.The Global Positioning System (GPS) has to adjust for time dilation. Ground-based devices have to communicate with satellites. To work, they have to be programmed to compensate for the time differences based on their speeds and gravitational influences.Certain unstable particles exist for a very brief period of time before decaying, but scientists can observe them as lasting longer  because they are moving so fast that time dilation means the time that the particles experience before decaying is different from the time experienced in the at-rest laboratory that is doing the observations.In 2014, a research team announced the most precise experimental confirmation of this effect yet devised, as described in a Scientific American article. They used a particle accelerat or to confirm that time moves slower for a moving clock than for a stationary one.

American football culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American football culture - Research Paper Example Additionally, its fame also emanates from the game’s inclusion in learning institutions like colleges and even states arranging for other professional events like â€Å"world champions† (Carroll, 2003). Mainly, American football’s unique way of sporting prompts numerous fans to gather, with the intention of witnessing what they usually refer as a military encounter. This is because of its â€Å"violence† besides domination by male gender though presently females have developed an interest in it, though they normally act as cheering squads. American football compared to other games like baseball it has a fascinating history and culture besides its â€Å"violent nature†, which presently has led to its immense popularity in America (Duncan, 2004). American football origin The game initially did not have well-structured rules meant to govern players as well as enable the players to play with those from other towns (Carroll, 2003). Therefore, each town p layed using their own rules, though they maintained two sides of dozen players. The mode of play entailed clearing the ball from one’s own goal towards that of the opponent, which required much physical contact, hence use of energy. Initially, players used to play barefooted, which earned the game the name of â€Å"Football† and spread rapidly after diverse states harmonized their varying rules. Early Cultural importance of the game Football game became one of the most thrilling and essential game in the American society after its harmonization of rules. Hence, giving rise to the socialization of people where fans supporting one team developed a certain bond of friendship and belonging (Carroll, 2003). This bridged wide gaps that were their before and yielded to a more closely-knit society especially among the football fans. However, racism was still evident especially among those people who did not have much to share with other races (Crothers, 2012). Besides, the foo tball competitions also acted as an opportunity for Commercial Corporations to advertise their products, for example, vehicle manufacturers and tourists’ firms. Mainly, this was via sponsoring diverse games’ activities thus contributing to the effective planning of the matches. Educational institutions also took this advantage to advertise the prowess especially during interschool or college competitions (Crothers, 2012). Modern entertainment industry This period characterized the â€Å"golden age† in 1920s. Contrary to other earlier periods, the responsible authorities made the game’s rules more advanced and refined, which ensured increased control during the matches (Carroll, 2003). Hence, there were fewer cases of casualties than those witnessed in earlier times. This led to the aspect of professionalism especially after 1920s where players were able to use their talents to earn or supplement their living (Duncan, 2004). This was not evident in earlier times where players specifically played out of pleasure with no intention of earning anything except to win trophies for their teams or institutions (Carroll, 2003). Consequently, professionalism yielded to the modern day entertainment due to the media focusing on broadcasting all competition events (Crothers, 2012). These ranged from educational institutions to interstates’ clubs or associations competitions. Modern football specialization started after 1920 when the four Midwestern regions convened at Canton with the intention of merging their rules

Feeding 9 Billion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Feeding 9 Billion - Essay Example Various sources through which greenhouse gases are emitted include trains, airplanes, cars, trucks and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from factories among others. Currently, agriculture is determined to be the prime factor responsible for global warming due to augmented emission of methane and carbon dioxide. Additionally, agriculture is one of the major factors accountable for global warming for growing demand of food (Nationalgeographic, 2014). Global warming has been adversely affecting the environmental conditions of the earth owing to increased temperature along with changing climatic scenario. Presently, agriculture is considered to be the leading factor accountable for global warming due to increased food requirement for the growing population. Agricultural activities have been emitting greenhouse gases in an increased manner in the form of methane gases from cattle as well as rice farms. Fertilized fields are also identified to release nitrous oxide and additionally, carbon dioxide is released from deforestation of rain forest for raising livestock and growing crops. Agriculture is required to be provided with adequate water supplies for farming operations. Contextually, farming operations are one of the prime sources of water polluter as rivers, coastal ecosystems and fragile lakes are polluted with manure as well as fertilizers. In this regard, agriculture has been recognized to adversely affect biodiversity owing to deforestation and extinction of wildlife (Brown & Sovacool, 2011; Mohr, 2005). Contextually, agriculture poses diverse challenges and threats for the environment due to increased population rate and growing demand of food. Subsequently, agriculture is used in an imminences manner to meet the growing demand for food by the augmented pollution. In this respect, in order to meet the increased food demand of the global population, agricultural

The setting, population, and program Essay Example for Free

The setting, population, and program Essay Second Step is a violence prevention program has been implemented for Norman area 6th graders. This program focuses on such things as anger management, conflict negotiation, controlling emotions and not acting on impulse. It is designed to give students examples and topics of discussion that will promote thought provoking discussions and hopefully draw out some best behaviors as examples while exposing what should not be done The lessons are usually presented by teachers on a regular schedule and during the same class period when possible. They are designed so that teachers have to prepare very little. Scripts are provided for video programs and for scenario type role playing among the students. The videos attempt to show students reacting to violence or other negative influences as they might encounter them in their daily lives. For this age of student the lessons encourage modeling of the positive behavior that is shown in the videos and proper behavior from role playing and discussion. 2. What are the goals of the program and what are the problems/challenges in trying to meet them? (What is working and what is not working? ) The goal of this program is to ultimately reduce violence in schools. The curriculum is designed to obtain these results by getting the children to recognize their behaviors, beliefs and emotions and learn to deal with them in a positive manner. These activities would hopefully establish norms within the school community and allow the proper behavior to become the norm. These objectives are sometimes difficult to master and meet the standards of the program. Children that go through the Second Step program will generally engage in the curriculum if the instructor has prepared somewhat and is ready to lead the discussion. There are often very positive and mature comments from the students regarding the scenarios and video portions of the program. It really seems to help students who are on the right track reaffirm what they already believe to be the right thing to do. There are students who will always want to lead the discussion and have there answers heard. This is good for certain kids and it really helps the teachers who are leading the discussion. One downfall is that certain students will not engage in the discussion. Some are embarrassed or do not feel confident voicing their opinion in front of the group. The reasons for this vary from past experience with the group, fear of repercussion and lack of maturity on the part of the studen. Still others will loose face within their peer group if they show emotion or put down certain behaviors. These groups will often try to disrupt the flow of the conversation by belittling or not participating at all. They will blame the teacher or the program as being boring. The program may help a select few students develop a better sense of what it takes to prevent violence, but the lessons don’t seem to carry much further than the classroom. It is one thing to model good behavior in front of adults and quite another thing to stand up and do the right thing when no one is there to support their decision. Many students will turn their backs on violence in their area. 3. What evaluation strategies would you use and what type of data (e. g. , test scores, attendance records, referrals, etc. ) would you need to collect in order to substantiate the information stated in response to question #2? How would you evaluate future progress/change? How often does data need to be collected and analyzed? Evaluation of programs such as Second Step can be very difficult. With the end goal being less violence in the school, the number of principal office referrals would be the obvious first line in evaluating the progress of the program. A drop in the number of referrals due to violent acts would be a good indicator that the program is having some effect. Data would also need to be collected from past referrals and compare to the new data to see if which students were committing new act of violence. We would hope to see an overall drop in the number of violent acts among both past offenders and new offenders. Data should be collected on a quarterly basis to ensure that the needs of offending groups are being met. If data is collected on a longer scale (i. e. semester or yearly), it may not facilitate change quickly enough to the methods of delivery or it may not look for other factors within the school environment that may be effecting violent behaviors 4. What factors seem to be facilitating progress/change and which factors seem to be hindering progress/change? The ability of the teacher that is leading the course and who sees that group of students on a regular basis seems to be one factor in determining how successful the program is. If the material is simply presented and nor reinforced through repetition and school wide implementation, the lessons are quickly lost on many students. Staff that believe in the program will tend to follow up and ensure that the lessons are being used outside the context of the presentation time. The talent and motivation of the staff tends to be huge factor in success or failure of the program. It is very difficult to change perceptions and learned behaviors. Many students will participate in the program but will be taught different attitudes at home. This appears to be the largest factor in whether a student will accept the lessons of Second Step or not. When staff and family will follow through and continue the lessons outside of the context of the Second Step allotted time, there seems to be a much better chance of the students applying the lessons. Hindering change occurs when the lessons are left in the classroom and not made part of daily life at school. This will be the biggest obstacle that we face. 5. What recommendations would you make for change or improvement, based on the information that is available at this point? To fully implement such a program there has to be community wide acceptance. There needs to be an outreach effort to parents and other family members to allow them the opportunity to see the materials that are being presented. They should be a part of the effort. The message may not always be reaching home that students are working on violence prevention and reinforcement is needed from all areas of the community. By making family members part of the equation we will allow a better opportunity for success. 6. Who are your â€Å"stakeholders†? (Who has a â€Å"vested interest† in the outcome of your program? ) Who needs to receive a report on both progress and problems/challenges/needed changes? The stakeholders of the program in the end are all members of the community. The community benefits when there is less violence and when more productive citizens graduate from our schools. Families will see the most immediate effects when their children are in less trouble at school and see better results in their academic work. All educators, school families and the community in general including local police and government should receive the report of findings and have a voice in how to proceed. When the schools, police or family place themselves as the sole proprietors of the responsibility of the violence among our young student, we face more obstacles due to miscommunication, personal agendas and lack of understanding of the problem from on a human level in dealing with students who have violence issues.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Passage Analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In this passage, we find ourselves in King Arthur's court during a Christmas feast. A Green Knight has just proposed a challenge before the court, a game in which a blow for a blow shall be given. Seeing that no one is willing to accept this challenge, King Arthur himself steps up to the Green Knight, ready to defend his honor. Sir Gawain, being a noble knight, asks the court if he can replace King Arthur in the game. His wish is granted. The passage begins as King Arthur calls Sir Gawain to his side to give him his weapon and blessing. As Gawain kneels before his lord, King Arthur says: "Keep, cousin what you cut with this day, and if you rule it aright, then readily, I know, you shall stand the stroke it will strike after." (Norton p. 210) With these words King Arthur implies that since Sir Gawain has the first hit, he has nothing to worry about, since the Green Knight will be dead and unable to return the blow. The Green Knight asks Gawain to go over the terms of the game and asks to know his name. Gawain replies: "In good faith, Gawain am I whose buffet befalls you, what'er betide after, and at this time twelvemonth take from you another with what weapon you will, and with no man else alive." ( Norton p. 210 ) In this statement Gawain not only asserts himself but also makes sure that if he kills the Green Knight with his blow, no one shall take his place. Satisfied with that answer, the Green Knight reminds Sir Gawain that he must find him on his own, as promised before the court. However when Gawain asks the Green Knight where his home could be found, the Green Knight delays his answer, saying that Gawain will know soon enough after the blow where to find him. Not finding out the true identity of the Green Knight may be Gawain's first mistake. It is always important to know your enemies, especially when a very big, very green knight, who comes out of nowhere, presents one with a challenge. Having resolved the terms of the agreement, the Green Knight gets ready for the blow by kneeling down and moving his long green hair away from his neck. Gawain skillfully grips the ax and strikes the Green Knight with all his might, cutting through the flesh with such force that the blade ends up in the ground.

Personal Reflection OJT Experience Essay

Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines Inc. Company Profile / Brief History Coca-Cola Femsa Philippines, Inc. offers distribution and bottling services for soft drinks. It distributes soft drinks, bottled water, and juices, with outstanding brands, such as: Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Light, Coca-Cola Zero, Lift, Powerade, Real Leaf, Royal Tru, Samurai, Sprite, and the bottled water brands Viva and Wilkins. The company was formerly known as Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. and changed its name to Coca-Cola Femsa Philippines, Inc. in January 2013. The company was founded in 1981 and is based in Makati City, the Philippines. As of January 24, 2013, Coca-Cola Femsa Philippines, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Coca-Cola FEMSA S.A.B de C.V. Read more:  OJT Experience Essay Coca-Cola FEMSA, a subsidiary of FEMSA, is the largest public bottler of Coca-Cola products in the world in terms of sales volume, accounting for one out of every ten Coca- Cola products sold globally. Founded in Mexico in 1890, FEMSA has grown from a regional brewery that started operations with just 72 employees to one of the leading companies in Latin America with presence in nine countries and in the Philippines. Today, FEMSA employs over 170,000 people. In the face of a complex, competitive, and changing world, FEMSA profitably manages its business to meet the demands of an ever-growing, ever-evolving pool of customers and consumers. Mission / Vision Statement The mission statement of the Coca-Cola FEMSA is â€Å"To satisfy and please beverage consumers with excellence.† The vision statement of the Coca-Cola FEMSA is â€Å"To be the best bottler in the world, recognized for its excellent operations and the quality of its people.† Organizational Chart Roles and Responsibilities Names and titles/positions of the employees in my department (include their roles in the organization) Dennis Bunoan – Operations Executive He is the head of our department. His overall job is to supervise the other employees and coordinate all the work done inside the office. Since he is the head, he is the one who approves requests and other matters. Richard Guamos – Warehouse Supervisor He leads a team of workers who receive and record new stock as it comes in, and move stock onto trucks or store shelves as needed. He is the one in charge to supervise, evaluate and train new employees assigned to warehouse. Victor Carreon – Warehouse Supervisor He is in charge to supervise receipt of all shipments. He also evaluates complaints received on shipments of equipment and supplies and take appropriate actions. Rogelio Pamintuan – Warehouse Supervisor He directs and maintains a safety program for all employees assigned to warehouse. He operates tools, equipment, and machinery according to prescribed safety procedures. He also corrects unsafe conditions in work area and report any conditions that are not correctable to higher ups immediately. Carlo Roel Pacis – Warehouse Coordinator / Operations He coordinates the movements of goods from the plant warehouse up to the point of sale. He manage and prepares all documents related to shipping. He also monitors and assists the loading and unloading of merchandise inside the plant. William Nuqui – Settlement Analyst His main task is to settle every transactions especially those goods coming in and out of the plant. If there were some clarifications and corrections on the transactions (e.g, returned Purchase Order) he is the one who settle such problem. My Duties and Responsibilities (include the summary of the activities done in the office) One of my duties is encoding information to the computer or database. I was also tasked to file or sort some important documents that are going to be submitted to the higher ups. Furthermore, I was also asked to troubleshoot a certain problem in one of their computer. Lastly, I was asked if I could recommend any hardware upgrade for one of my office mate. An Evaluation of my Training Describe your work environment I was assigned in operations department. Despite being one of the busiest department of the company, the ambiance inside the office is good. Our officemate are very friendly and easy to go with so I never had a hard time working in my new environment. Although lots of paper works are coming inside our office everyday especially those documents related to shipping of goods, the employee manages to maintain the good ambiance inside the room. The office is cooled by two air-condition unit since the office has a lot of  computers. Describe the different office equipment / devices in your department There are a lot of computers in our office. Their brand are mostly dell and their operating system is Windows 7. They use radio communication system in order to communicate with other people since the company is big. Identify and describe the learning experiences / skills acquired during your practicum I learned a lot of things during my stay in the company. The task that were given to me improved my skills significantly. My communication skills was enhanced because of how I communicate with my fellow office mates. My typing and Microsoft office skills were also enhanced since the task that were given to me is where it is focused. What were the challenges/problems had you encountered during your practicum and did you solve them? There is one time that I had to rush some paperwork since I was told that they had to pass it as soon as possible. With my typing skills, I was able to finish the work on time. I also had a problem with the usage of the program that they were using since it’s slightly complicated to use. Do you prefer to work alone or with a team? I prefer to work with a team. Being an intern in this company made me realize that working in a team will make the work faster and more convenient. For example you are confused with what you are doing, you can always ask for your teammates’ suggestions or assistance on that particular matter. In that way you can surely produce an effective output. 5 Photos taken in the workplace with short description Inside the Coca-Cola FEMSA plant. Inside our office. This is where I usually do my work. My desk after filing and sorting of documents The pile of papers with information that I have to encode in the computer Encoding data on MS Excel Observed Organizational Values Interpersonal Relationships / Working relationship with co-workers They respect the hierarchy of authority when it comes to work. They know where and to whom they should report any issues concerning them. When it comes in dealing with officemates, everyone treats each other equally regardless of their position. They respect everyone. Those who belong to the top management don’t use their position to take advantage from those who belong to the lower position. Teamwork Coca-Cola FEMSA is a big company, so everyone must contribute to the success of the company. Different workloads are given to different employees. Sometimes it is hard to accomplish the task given, luckily, employees are helpful and kind. They help each other as long as they can even if it is already beyond their job. They practice working as a team inside the office because they believe that two heads are really better than one. By doing so, employees can produce an effective and efficient output. Quality of Service Delivered Coca-Cola FEMSA San Fernando Plant has been in the business for more than 30 years now. For me, they own their success not just to their hardworking employees, but also to the quality of service they delivered to their market. They make sure that every time a customer purchase their products, they will be satisfied. By seeing this, I learned that quality of service is really an important tool in achieving success, especially in a real working environment. Attendance / Punctuality The company is very strict when it comes to attendance and punctuality  because employees are being paid based on their working hours. The gate near the guard house where the employees sign in and out is protected by a CCTV camera to make sure that employees’ time in and out is accurate. Coming on office beyond the official time-in is a deduction on their salary. For emergency absences, the company is very considerate as long as the reason for being absent is valid. For us interns, they implemented the same rule to prepare us for future employment. Personal Grooming The company wants to maintain decency anywhere inside the plant. Employees, especially ladies, are not required to wear make up to look presentable unlike other company. As long as they wear the proper uniform and practice good hygiene, they are free to enter the plant. This rule also applies to the interns. The only difference is we can chose whether to wear our school uniform or to wear decent civilian attire.

Health Care Economics Essay

The economics of United States health care has been through many changes over its history. There are multiple factors to what caused the changes to the health care system over time with changes such as technological advances in medicine and surgical devices, new medical discoveries, and financial laws pertaining to health care. Just as with other businesses, the health care industry’s economy would depend upon supply and demand of their services. Throughout the time that health care has been undergoing these changes, it remains that the economical situation in health care has been the main focal point to how well that health organizations in the United States will perform. In the early 1900s doctors were just beginning to cease being expected to offer care for free, medical care costs were finally becoming emphasized, and insurances were just getting involved into the health care industry (PBS, 2012). The idea of a national health care policy is first introduced by President Truman in 1945, he would be denied by the American Medical Association campaign against the idea. Eventually in 1960 the American Medical Association would develop a national policy as well that would be signed into law by President Johnson and would become the foundations for Medicare and Medicaid (Rebelo 2007). As of the past two decades, the cost of health care have rapidly been on the rise (PBS, 2012). As new medical discoveries occurred in health care and technology advanced, physicians became more capable of treating patients for their illnesses. Financing in medical organizations is important so that they may afford to do more research and obtain better technology, at the moment the health care industry is 17% of the United State’s Gross Domestic Product only expecting to rise even more as time continues. Majority of the funding for the health care industry is received through the government through Medicare and Medicaid programs. The rest of the funding is being provided by private investors. To understand how well that health care industries are doing, researchers evaluate the elasticity or inelasticity of the organization’s products. If it shown to be elastic, the organization is doing well selling the product or service which as the supply to it decreases, the price will rise. Inelasticity is likely showing that it is not performing as well, organizations are either uncertain about raising prices as the supply drops or the population is not willing to pay more for the service. They will also look at the microeconomics and macroeconomics to see how they are affecting the industry’s economic situation. Microeconomic will focus on how smaller or more particular aspects in the economy are affecting price-cost relationships. Macroeconomics will look at the economic situation as the entire country as a whole to examine what effects that may be causing. The health care industry’s economy continues to be a strong focus in the United States economy as even more focus is being poured into evaluating the health care policy situation within the United States and funding relating to it. The government programs that have been created with the health care industry are still in operation and being reformed to make adjustments that are as suitable as possible to the nation in terms of quality and affordability, attempting to offer the best care and technology possible while making it available to as many as possible without costing the country so much. Economists in the United States are examining the microeconomic and macroeconomic markets to help determine the performance of the industries and what course of action will be taken, though the spending on health care in the past few years has become a large issue for the United States. Through history with the start of health care economics to the current time, funding has been a large focusing issue in the United States taking a large portion of the nations gross domestic product, far surpassing that of other nations and will continue to be a main focusing issue for economists and political debates.

Education and Social Inequality Essay Example

Education and Social Inequality Essay Example Education and Social Inequality Essay Education and Social Inequality Essay Education and Social Inequality Sociology SOC205-10003A-022 Phase 4 DB Part II Kimberly Bottema Dianna B. Adams July 26, 2010 Education is very important for peopleâ„ ¢s success in life. Education provides skills for you to be prepare physical, mental, and social for the world. Education is the foundation of society that brings economic wealth, social prosperity and political stability. The higher education helps to maintain a healthy society to prepare healthcare profession, teachers, lawyers and doctors. One of the main purposes of education is to educate individuals within society to prepare and qualify them for work in economy and integrate people into society. This help to keep value and morals of society smooth and remain stable. It helps prepare the youth for the next generation of leader. Education mainly begins at home one does not acquire knowledge from a teacher; one can learn and get knowledge from a parent or a family member. The role social stratification plays on education is the assumption that private schools will provide quality education to students for their academic and holistic human development. Private school attention is providing a better condition, diverse curricular and experienced teachers. The private is promise quality education for their clients. The ideal marketing is to assume quality product will bring success. The parents believe that quality education in private school will enable their children to succeed in competition with the world. The private schools admit students on their abilities to pay (Zhang, 1996). Some school select students based upon their previous academic performance. Some teachers did not feel that they were prepared for the demanding workloads of private schools. Social mobility is the degree to which in a given society, an individualâ„ ¢s social status can change throughout the course of his or her life or the degree to which that individuals offspring and generations more up and down class system. Horizontal social mobility (Sorokin, 1959) or shifting this means the transition of an individual from one social group to another situated on the same level. For example, one may move from one factory to another in the same occupational status, from one family to another (through marriage), from one citizenship to another, and from one place to another place. Morality rates are higher where black is higher not because of the mechanical effect of higher black mortality rates and lower black income. There is a racial gap in labor market productivity. This discrimination affects family and community resources. The polices that was designed in the 1960â„ ¢s, racial discrimination in labor markets and education opportunities is still existing in 1990â„ ¢s, charged with being both unnecessary and unfair. The breakthroughs of racial barriers in jobs and education have been more difficult to sell. The affirmative action is the effort to enforce some kind of proportional participation of blacks and whites in job categories government contracts and higher education has been criticism. The reverse discrimination is hiring an unqualified minority worker that leads to unfair inefficient production and reduced incentives for minority workers to become qualified. Becker (1957) and Arrow (1973) discrimination is based on the personal prejudice of employees who are willing to sacrifice profits to avoid lining minority workers. The wages differential is vulnerable to competitive pressure. Low wages provide an opportunity for unprejudiced employers to earn higher profits by hiring the underpaid but, equally productive minority workers. Wage differentials due to prejudice do require government action if prejudiced employers are able t o maintain racial barriers to employment. Donohue and Heckman (1991) argue that this was the case in the American South until federal government actions in the 1960â„ ¢s , helped break down the enforcing the desegregation of jobs and schools. References Arrow, Kenneth J., The Theory of Discrimination, In Discrimination in Labor Markets, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and Albert Rees 3-33 Princeton: Princeton University Press 1973 Becker, Gary, The Economic of Discrimination, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957 Donohue, John H, and James Heckman, Continous versus Episode Change: The Impact of Civil Rights Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks, Journal of Economic Literature 29 December (1991) 1603-1643 www.soa.org/researchfactors/com www.personalumich.edu/eandersn.com

Chicago Referencing †Citing a Conference Paper (Footnotes)

Chicago Referencing – Citing a Conference Paper (Footnotes) Chicago Referencing – Citing a Conference Paper (Footnotes) Conference proceedings are a great resource for students. And since academics attend conferences to discuss cutting-edge research, proceedings often include exciting new ideas. But how do you cite a conference paper? In this post, we explain this using Chicago footnote referencing. Footnote Citations In Chicago referencing, always give full publication information in the first footnote citation. For a published conference paper, this includes: n. Author’s Name, â€Å"Paper Title,† in Title of Proceedings, ed. Editor Name(s) (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number(s) for cited section. In practice, then, the first citation of a conference paper would look like this: 1. Bill Riker, â€Å"Innovations in Seating,† in Proceedings of the Third Annual Behavioral Adaptations for Interstellar Travel Conference, ed. Jonathan Frakes (Santa Monica, CA: TNG Inc., 1987), 184. The format differs slightly for an unpublished paper (e.g., one that you saw presented in person). This is quite rare, but if you need to cite one, you need to include the following information in the first footnote: n. Author’s Name, â€Å"Paper Title† (paper presented at Name, Location and Date of Conference), page numbers (if relevant). An unpublished paper would therefore be presented like this: 2. Deanna Troi, â€Å"Feeling Change: Design Guided by Empathy† (paper presented at The International Conference of Feeling, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, June 20-22 1992, 21. For repeat citations of a paper, you can use a shortened footnote format. Bibliography The information to include in your bibliography for a conference paper is roughly the same as in the first footnote. However, there are a few differences. For a published paper, the format is: Surname, First Name. â€Å"Paper Title.† In Title of Proceedings, edited by Editor Name(s), page range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. For an unpublished conference paper, meanwhile, the format is: Surname, First Name. â€Å"Paper Title.† Paper presented at Name, Location and Date of Conference. In practice, then, we would list a published and an unpublished conference paper as follows: Riker, Bill. â€Å"Innovations in Seating.† In Proceedings of the Third Annual Behavioral Adaptations for Interstellar Travel Conference, edited by Jonathan Frakes, 180-201. Santa Monica, CA: TNG Inc., 1987. Troi, Deanna. â€Å"Feeling Change: Design Guided by Empathy.† Paper presented at The International Conference of Feeling, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, June 20-22 1992.

Power and Knowledge In Edward Said's Orientalism Essay

Power and Knowledge In Edward Said's Orientalism - Essay Example Basically, E. Said proposed to view the western policy towards the East as colonial, imperial discourse created by means of manipulating knowledge - that is why the problem of interrelation between knowledge and power in Said's work is very important. All in all, Edward Said's views may be called unique because he is not only interested in politics from a scientific viewpoint - he, in fact, makes politics use the results of research, that is - scientific knowledge. He clearly shows that he is far from both politicization of thinking and ensuring the "neutrality" of scientists. His intellectual is politicized, yet it happens not because he makes science a servant of politics, but - and this is important for the understanding of the scholar's system of beliefs - because politics for Said is the ally of science as far as the freedom of thinking and autonomy of scientific activity are concerned. The core of E. Said's approach is to de-crown the myth of Orientalism being a homogenous theory based on clearly defined concepts. According to him, Orientalism "is a style of thought based upon ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and (most of the time) 'the Occident'. Thus a very large mass of writers, among who are poet, novelists, philosophers, political theorists, economists, and imperial administrators, have accepted the basic distinction between East and West as the starting point for elaborate accounts concerning the Orient, its people, customs, 'mind', destiny, and so on". Said interprets events rather than openly states his opinion, and this certainly correlates with "the death of the author" theory proclaimed by post-modernism. The minimised role of author ensures the collision and interrelation between different, often polar opinions, in E. Said's Orientalism; and it is a great step towards "polylogic" knowledge as opposed to monologic. For Said, monologic knowledge is associated, above all, with the West, but at the same time with the Eastern counter-attack against this monologism using the same monologic principles. That is why, the western expansion towards the East, which is obviously the embodiment of power and domination, is inseparable from knowledge. Said proves that metaphysically, comprehension (the process of intellectual capturing) is related to occupation, and personal enrichment in the form of becoming more open-minded and widening of one's scope - to imperialistic ambitions of the West. My contention is that Orientalism is fundamentally a political doctrine willed over the Orient because the Orient was weaker than the West, which elided the Orient's difference with its weakness. . . . As a cultural apparatus Orientalism is all aggression, activity, judgment, will-to-truth, and knowledge (Said 1995, p. 204) It is not a coincidence that we mentioned Said's idea about the interrelations between science and politics. In his Orientalism, science, and at the first place the science that serves political needs of the country, is associated with the West, same as power. He therefore attempts to discover a complicated system of ties existing between science (knowledge) and power, and to show to what extent power may need knowledge, and at the same time to what extent knowledge may be a form of power. This

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example But going through further to their findings, it became clearer that internet addiction does seem to be a mental disorder. As to the question of policymakers going for treatment, and considering internet addiction as a disorder, rather than imprisonment of hacking cases, I think it would be a better solution because development of these policies will not only benefit those who commit cyber-crimes, but also those who have forgotten to live a normal human life. The study of the boy who had a good cause using the internet, does not differ much from a hacker, because both of them would probably be spending almost an entire day facing the computer and doing what challenges them the most. And on a general note, those people who have become too attached to social networking sites like Facebook, spend more time in front of the computer rather than interacting personally with friends and families, or even neglecting responsibilities at home or at school. Policymakers must be able to properly identify the root cause of a person’s addiction to the internet. It may not necessarily be a disorder but the effect on the over-all wellness of the person makes it appear to be so. I think that the laws or guidelines that should be made must focus more on the more controllable factors like the allowed time to use the internet or related things to that to be able to force those affected individuals to stop and live like any normal human being should. Since internet addiction at one point is seen as a disorder, counseling may also prove to be a good solution to understand why hackers and other â€Å"internet addicts† find more fulfillment in front of the computer than in the real world. Topic 4 – While psychological profiling of criminals is not a new field, should we attempt to profile cyber criminals? What sort of things do we already know about the personalities of cyber criminals? Do

Synthesis of Gold Particles and Their Use for Chemical Sensing Assignment

Synthesis of Gold Particles and Their Use for Chemical Sensing - Assignment Example e it clear that the gold was eligible since there was a continued accumulation that was evident by the change in the color of the solution from red to Purple color. It is important to test the foods sold in commercial markets. Notably, it had been discovered some sold in the commercial markets are toxic. For examples, some years ago, foods containing melamine were found in stores in China. Foods that contain melamine are toxic and are not fit for human consumption. Thus, foods that were found in stores in China were poisonous. Fortunately, a solution to this problem has been found. The use of citrate ions prevents the accumulation of layers of gold thereby hindering the formation of melamine that prevent the formation of nanoparticles on the surface of gold. This process enables shielding continued reaction of the gold layers. When such interactions occur in food gold solution that causes coloration of food is formed. The particle size having effects on gold can also be determined through photography. The size of gold particles ranges from 10 to 20 nm reflect light of different colors particularly red that turns to blue or purple if larger. The refore, the chemical test for melamine can reveal varied collect chemical properties that can help in drawing conclusions. Usually, there is a color changes from red to blue when a solutions nitrate ions and gold particles are mixed. The significance of this chemical experiment lies in this interaction Procedure. Take 0.2 mL of 100 mM gold salt stock solution and add 20 mL of distilled water to make 20 mL of 1mM gold salt solution. Then take 20 mL of the 1mM NaAuCl4 and place it into 50mL beaker. Place the beaker and its content hot plate and stirred the mixture using a magnetic stir bar. Heat the solution until it boil. When the solution begins boiling, add 2 mL of 38.8 mM solution of trisodium citrate dehydrate (Na3C6H5O7.2H2O). The gold solution forms gradually as the citrate reduces the Au ions to the neutral gold

Management Fayol Organization

Management Fayol Organization PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT Henri Fayol was born in 1841 in Istanbul. He was one of Europes leading thinkers on management theories and was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management. Fayol was a key figure in the ‘turn-of-the-century Classical School of management theory. He suggested that management is a universal human activity that applies to family as well as to the organization. His Frenchmen has been described as the father of modern operational management theory. His ideas have become the very foundation of modern management concepts. Henri Fayol was a French engineer and director of mines, was little known outside France until the late 40s when Constance Storrs published her translation of Fayols 1916 Administration Industrielle et Generale . Fayols career began as a mining engineer. He then moved into research geology and in 1888 joined, Comambault as Director. Comambault was in difficulty but Fayol turned the operation round. On retirement he published his work a comprehensive theory of administration described and classified administrative management roles and processes then became recognised and referenced by others in the growing discourse about management. He is frequently seen as a key, early contributor to a classical or administrative management school of thought (even though he himself would never have recognised such a school). Henri Fayol theorising about administration was built on personal observation and experience of what worked well in terms of organisation. His aspiration for an administrative science sought a consistent set of principles that all organizations must apply in order to run properly. F. W. Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management in the USA in 1911, and Fayol in 1916 examined the nature of management and administration on the basis of his French mining organisation experiences.. With two exceptions, Henri Fayols theories of administration are going directly into the bureaucratic superstructure described by Weber. Henri Fayol focuses on the personal duties of management at a much more granular level than Weber did. While Weber laid out principles for an ideal bureaucratic organization Fayols work is more directed at the management layer Fayol was the famous theorist who proposed that there are five primary functions of manager. He believed that management had five principle roles which he saw as (1) Planning: To forecast and plan the future by drawing up plans of actions and how they will be implemented by identifying the strategies (2) Organizing: To build up the structure, material and who give the delegated authority to carry out the specific tasks (3) Commanding: Maintaining activity among the personnel and giving orders in the specific period of time telling the employees what exactly to do and how. (4) Co-ordinating: Binding together the whole of the team so that they can harmonize their activities and efforts to one unified goal or achievement. (5) Controlling: To see that everything occurs in conformity with policy and practise. Controlling is described in the sense that a manager must receive feedback on a process that is being carried out in an organization so that he can make the relevant adjustments if necessary. Most of these activities are very task oriented, rather than people oriented, very similar to Taylor and Scientific Management. While both have a task focus, their approaches are quite different. Fayol was particularly interested in authority and its implementation while Taylor concentrated on work organisation (e.g. efficiency). In many ways their views illustrating some of the differences between the USA and Europe. The views and attitudes towards organisations and management are not always led by American theorists. He advocated a consistent set of principles that all organisations need to run properly. Although many of todays management text including Daft (2005) have reduced the five functions to four, co-ordinating was congregated into the rest of the main functions. However all modern day management texts are based and organized around Fayols four functions. Henri Fayol also fused the 14 principles for organizational design and effective administration. The 14 principles of management were discussed in detail in his book published in 1917 Administration industrielle et gà ©nà ©rale. He compared the conclusions made by Peter, Kanter and Handy. Fayol developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with managements five primary roles. He laid down the following principles of organization which he later called the principles of management: Specialization of labour: A principle of work allocation and specialisation in order to concentrate activities to enable specialisation of skills and understandings, more work focus and efficiency. Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods. Authority: The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. If responsibilities are allocated, then the post holder needs the requisite authority to carry these out including the right to require others in the area of responsibility to undertake duties. Authority stems from: that ascribed from the delegation process (the job holder is assigned to act as the agent of the high authority to whom they report hierarchy) Allocation and permission to use the necessary resources needed (budgets, assets, and staff) to carry out the responsibilities. selection the person has the expertise to carry out the responsibilities and the personal qualities to win the support and confidence of others. Discipline: No slacking, bending of rules. The generalisation about discipline is that discipline is essential for the smooth running of a business and without it standards, consistency of action, adherence to rules and values no enterprise could prosper. in an essence obedience, application, energy, behavior and outward marks of respect observed in accordance with standing agreements between firms and its employees 1916 Unity of command: A concept that suggests there should be only one supervisor for each person in an organization. Each employee has one and only one boss. The idea is that an employee should receive instructions from just a single superior . This generalisation still holds even where we are involved with team and matrix structures which involve reporting to more than one boss or being accountable to several clients. The basic concern is that tensions and dilemmas arise where we report to two or more bosses. One boss may want X, the other Y and the subordinate is caught between the devil and the deep blue sea. Unity of direction: A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan. The unity of command idea of having one head (chief executive, cabinet consensus) with agree purposes and objectives and one plan for a group of activities) is clear. Subordination of individual interest to the general interest : When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about. Fayols line was that one employees interests or those of one group should not prevail over the organisation as a whole. This would spark a lively debate about who decides that the interests of the organisation as a whole are. Ethical dilemmas and matters of corporate risk and the behaviour of individual chancers are involved here. Fayols work assumes a shared set of values by people in the organisation a unitarism where the reasons for organisational activities and decisions are in some way neutral and reasonable. 7. Remuneration of staff: Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with. â€Å"The price of services rendered.† 1916 The general principle is that levels of compensation should be fair and as far as possible afford satisfaction both to the staff and the firm (in terms of its cost structures and desire for profitability/surplus). 8. Centralisation: Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top. Centralisation for HF is essential to the organisation and a natural consequence of organising. This issue does not go away even where flatter, devolved organisations occur. Decentralisation is frequently centralisaed-decentralisation !!! The modes of control over the actions and results of devolved organisations are still matters requiring considerable attention. 9. Scalar chain/line of authority: Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military. The scalar chain of command of reporting relationships from top executive to the ordinary shop operative or driver needs to be sensible, clear and understood. 10. Order: All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there. The level of generalisation becomes difficult with this principle. Basically an organisation should provide an orderly place for each individual member who needs to see how their role fits into the organisation and be confident, able to predict the organisations behaviour towards them. Thus policies, rules, instructions and actions should be understandable and understood. Orderliness implies steady evolutionary movement rather than wild, anxiety provoking, unpredictable movement. 11. Equity: Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment) . Equity, fairness and a sense of justice shouldpervade the organisation in principle and practice. 12. Stability of tenure or Personnel Tenure: Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers. Time is needed for the employee to adapt to his/her work and perform it effectively. Stability of tenure promotes loyalty to the organisation, its purposes and values. 13. Initiative: Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen. At all levels of the organisational structure, zeal, enthusiasm and energy are enabled by people having the scope for personal initiative, in respect with Tom Peters. 14. Esprit de corps: Harmony, cohesion among personnel. Here Fayol emphasises the need for building and maintaining of harmony among the work force, team work and sound interpersonal relationships. Its a great source of strength in the organisation. Fayol stated that for promoting esprit de corps, the principle of unity of command should be observed and the dangers of divide and rule and the abuse of written communication should be avoided The final two principles, initiative and esprit de corps, show a difference between Fayols concept of an ideal organization and Webers. Weber predicted a completely impersonal organization with little human level interaction between its members. Fayol clearly believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of a ideal organization Out of the 14, the most important elements are specialization, unity of command, scalar chain, and, coordination by managers (an amalgam of authority and unity of direction). Advantages of Fayols theories and contributions Fayol was the first person to actually give a definition of management which is generally familiar today namely ‘forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control. Fayol also gave much of the basic terminology and concepts, which would be elaborated upon by future researchers, such as division of labour, scalar chain, unity of command and centralization. Disadvantages Fayol was describing the structure of formal organizations. Absence of attention to issues such as individual versus general interest, remuneration and equity suggest that Fayol saw the employer as paternalistic and by definition working in the employees interest. Fayol does mention the issues relating to the sensitivity of a patients needs, such as initiative and ‘esprit de corps, he saw them as issues in the context of rational organisational structure and not in terms of adapting structures and changing peoples behaviour to achieve the best fit between the organisation and its customers. Many of these principles have been absorbed into modern day organisations, but they were not designed to cope with conditions of rapid change and issues of employee participation in the decision making process of organisations, such as are current today in the early 21st century. Successes Fayols five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. The author has found Plan, Organize, Command, Co-ordinate and Control written on one than one managers whiteboard during his career. The concept of giving appropriate authority with responsibility is also widely commented on (if not well practiced.) Unfortunately his principles of unity of command and unity of direction are consistently violated in matrix management the structure of choice for many of todays companies. Conclusion Henri Fayol was important for two reasons: first, because he placed management centre stage; second, because he pondered the question of how best a company could be organised. He was also one of the earliest people to write and lecture on management issues, and indeed is sometimes referred to as the first management thinker. It is clear that modern organizations are strongly influenced by the theories of Taylor, Mayo, Weber and Fayol. Their precepts have become such a strong part of modern management that it is difficult to believe that these concepts were original and new at some point in history. The modern idea that these concepts are common sense is strong tribute to these founders. References Accessed on: 30 December 2007 www.healthknowledge.org.uk Accessed on: 30 December 2007 www.wikipeida.com Accessed on: 01 January 2007 www.onepine.com Accessed on: 02 January 2007 www.analytictech.com Accessed on: 02 January 2007 www.bola.biz Accessed on: 05 January 2007 www.learningmatters.com Accessed on: 06 January 2007 www.12manage.com Accessed on: 07 January 2007 www.answers.com Accessed on: 07 January 2007 www.intute.ac.uk The History of Management Thought by Daniel A. Wren Business: The Ultimate Resource by Daniel P. Goleman Project Management by David L. Cleland Fifty Key Figures in Management (Routledge Key Guides) by Morgen Witzel Daft, R. (2005). Management, (7th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. Fayol, H. (1949). General and industrial management. London. Pitman Publishing company. Fayol Fayol, H. (1987). General and industrial management: Henri Fayols classic revised by Irwin Gray. Belmont, CA: David S. Lake Publishers.