A Guide Into Business Intelligence Studies Information Technology Essay

A Guide Into Business Intelligence Studies Information Technology Essay Data Warehousing: Integration of data from multiple sources into large warehouses and support of on-line analytical processing and business decision making DW vs. Operational Databases Data Warehouse Subject Oriented Integrated Nonvolatile Time variant Ad hoc retrieval Operational Databases Application oriented Limited integration Continuously updated Current data values only Predictable retrieval Data Warehouse: a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of managements decision-making process. Data Mart A monothematic data warehouse Department- oriented or business line oriented Top-Down Approach Advantages A truly corporate effort, an enterprise view of data Inherently architected not a union of disparate data marts Single, central storage of data about the content Centralized rules and control May see quick results if implemented with iterations Disadvantages Takes longer to build even with an iterative method High exposure/risk to failure Needs high level of cross-functional skills High outlay without proof of concept Bottom-Up Approach Advantages Faster and easier implementation of manageable pieces Favorable return on investment and proof of concept Less risk of failure Inherently incremental; can schedule important data marts first Allows project team to learn and grow Disadvantages Each data mart has its own narrow view of data Permeates redundant data in every data mart Perpetuates inconsistent and irreconcilable data Proliferates unmanageable interfaces Data Staging Component Three major functions need to be performed for getting the data ready (ETL) extract the data transform the data and then load the data into the data warehouse storage Data Warehouse Subject-Oriented Data is stored by subjects Integrated Data Need to pull together all the relevant data from the various systems Data from internal operational systems Data from outside sources Time-Variant Data the stored data contains the current values The use needs data not only about the current purchase, but on the past purchases Nonvolatile Data Data from the operational systems are moved into the data warehouse at specific intervals Data Granularity Data granularity in a data warehouse refers to the level of detail The lower the level of detail, the finer the data granularity The lowest level of detail  ® a lot of data in the data warehouse Four steps in dimensional modeling Identify the process being modeled. Determine the grain at which facts will be stored. Choose the dimensions. Identify the numeric measures for the facts. Components of a star schema Fact tables contain factual or quantitative data 1:N relationship between dimension tables and fact tables Dimension tables contain descriptions about the subjects of the business Dimension tables are denormalized to maximize performance Slowly changing dimensions Are the Customer and Product Dim independent of Time Dim? Changes in names, family status, product district/region How to handle these changes in order not to affect the history status? Eg. Insurance 3 suggestions for slowly changing dimensions Type 1 overwrite/erase old values; no accurate tracking of history needed; easy to implement; Type 2 create new record at time of change; partitioning the history (old and new description); Type 3 new current fields, legitimate need to track both old and new states Original and current values; Intermediate Values are lost Junk Dimensions Leave the flags in the fact tables likely sparse data no real browse entry capability can significantly increase the size of the fact table Remove the attributes from the design potentially critical information will be lost if they provide no relevance, remove them Make a flag into its own dimension may greatly increase the number of dimensions, increasing the size of the fact table can clutter and confuse the design Combine all relevant flags, etc. into a single dimension the number of possibilities remain finite information is retained The Monster Dimension It is a compromise Avoids creating copies of dimension records in a significantly large dimension Done to manage space and changes efficiently 3 types of multidimensional data Data from external sources (represented by the blue cylinder) is copied into the small red marble cube, which represents input multidimensional data Pre-calculated, stored results derived from it on-the-fly results, calculated as required at run-time, but not stored in a database Aggregation The system uses physically stored aggregates as a way to enhance performance of common queries. These aggregates, like indexes, are chosen silently by the database if they are physically present. End users and application developers do not need to know what aggregates are available at any point in time, and applications are not required to explicitly code the name of an aggregate When you go for higher level of aggregates, the sparsity percentage goes down, eventually reaching 100% of occupancy Data Extraction Two major types of data extractions from the source operational systems as is (static) data and data of revision as is or static data is the capture of data at a given point in time For initial load Data of revision is known as incremental data capture Data Quality Issues Dummy values in fields Missing data Unofficial use of fields Cryptic values Contradicting values Reused primary keys Inconsistent values Incorrect values Multipurpose fields Steps in Data Cleansing Parsing Correcting Standardizing Matching Consolidating DATA TRANSFORMATION All the extracted data must be made usable in the data warehouse The quality of the data in many old legacy systems is less likely to be good enough for the data warehouse Transformation of source data encompasses a wide variety of manipulations to change all the extracted source data into usable information to be stored in the data warehouse Data warehouse practitioners have attempted to classify data transformations in several ways Basic Tasks Set of basic tasks Selection Splitting/Joining Conversion Summarization Enrichment Loading Initial Load Load mode Incremental Loads Constructive merge mode Type 1 slowly changing dimension: destructive merge mode Full Refresh Load and append modes are applicable OLAP defined: On-line Analytical Processing(OLAP) is a category of software technology that enables analysts, managers and executives to gain insight into data through fast, consistent, interactive access in a wide variety of possible views of information that has been transformed from raw data to reflect the real dimensionality of the enterprise as understood by the user Users need the ability to perform multidimensional analysis with complex calculations The basic virtues of OLAP Enables analysts, executives, and managers to gain useful insights from the presentation of data Can reorganize metrics along several dimensions and allow data to be viewed from different perspectives Supports multidimensional analysis Is able to drill down or roll up within each dimension BUSINESS METADATA Is like a roadmap or an easy-to-use information directory showing the contents and how to get it How can I sign onto and connect with the data warehouse? Which parts of the data warehouse can I access? Can I see all the attributes from a specific table? What are the definitions of the attributes I need in my query? Are there any queries and reports already predefined to give the results I need? TECHNICAL METADATA Technical metadata is meant for the IT staff responsible for the development and administration of the data warehouse Technical metadata is like a support guide for the IT professionals to build, maintain, and administer the data warehouse Physical Design Objectives Improve Performance In OLTP, 1-2 secs max; in DW secs to mins Ensure scalability Manage storage Provide Ease of Administration Design for Flexibility. Physical Design Steps Develop Standards Create Aggregates Plan Determine Data Partitioning Establish Clustering Options Prepare Indexing Strategy Assign storage structures Partitioning Breaking data into several physical units that can be handled separately Not a question of whether to do it in data warehouses but how to do it Granularity and partitioning are key to effective implementation of a warehouse Partitions are spread across multiple disks to boost performance Why Partition? Flexibility in managing data Smaller physical units allow easy restructuring free indexing sequential scans if needed easy reorganization easy recovery easy monitoring Improve performance Criterion for Partitioning Vertically (groups of selected columns together. More typical in dimension tables) Horizontally (e.g. recent events and past history. Typical in fact tables) Parallelization The argument goes: if your main problem is that your queries run too slowly, use more than one machine at a time to make them run faster (Parallel Processing). Oracle uses this strategy in its warehousing products. Indexing Structure separate from the table data it refers to, storing the location of rows in the database based on the column values specified when the index is created. They are used in data warehouse to improve warehouse throughput Indexing and loading Indexing for large tables Btree characteristics: Balanced Bushy: multi-way tree Block-oriented Dynamic Bitmap Index Bitmap indices are a special type of index designed for efficient querying on multiple keys Records in a relation are assumed to be numbered sequentially from, say, 0 Given a number n it must be easy to retrieve record n Particularly easy if records are of fixed size Applicable on attributes that take on a relatively small number of distinct values E.g. gender, country, state, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ E.g. income-level (income broken up into a small number of levels such as 0-9999, 10000-19999, 20000-50000, 50000- infinity) A bitmap is simply an array of bits In its simplest form a bitmap index on an attribute has a bitmap for each value of the attribute Bitmap has as many bits as records In a bitmap for value v, the bit for a record is 1 if the record has the value v for the attribute, and is 0 otherwise Clustering The technique involves placing and managing related units of data to be retrieved in the same physical block of storage This arrangement causes related units of data to be retrieved together in one single operation In a clustering index, the order of the rows is close to the index order. Close means that physical records containing rows will not have to be accessed more than one time if the index is accessed sequentially DW Deployment Major deployment activities Complete user acceptance Perform initial loads Get user desktops ready Complete initial user training Institute initial user support Deploy in stages DW Growth Maintenance Monitoring the DW Collection of Stats Usage of Stats For growth planning For fine tuning User training Data Content Applications Tools Dimensional Modeling Exercise Exercise: Create a star schema diagram that will enable FIT-WORLD GYM INC. to analyze their revenue. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The fact table will include: for every instance of revenue taken attribute(s) useful for analyzing revenue. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The star schema will include all dimensions that can be useful for analyzing revenue. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The only data sources available are shown bellow. SOURCE 1 FIT-WORLD GYM Operational Database: ER-Diagram and the tables based on it (with data) SOLUTION

Political Romantics of Elizabeth Cady Stanton Essay -- Biography Biogr

Political Romantics of Elizabeth Cady Stanton      Ã‚   Romantic persuasion enters all genres of literature. At the time of the American Renaissance romanticism became a prominent aspect of writing. It was a time of change not just in literature, but in the political arena. The political turmoil of the time created a new venue for writers with views of a utopian society. These author's, with their ideals, became a catalyst for the continuing changes of today. This cunning use of language, whether intentional or accidental, continues today. Political change comes not just from thought provoking words, but from gaining the emotions of those hearing the words.    During a time in need of sweeping political change an arena is created which can serve a romantic heart well. Whether this heart is seen as romantic or warrior-like it is the passionate wording that entrances the reader. Elizabeth Cady Stanton's work, while seen as political, speaks not just to the mind, but the heart as well. Choosing her language carefully serves two intents, demanding change and evoking desire in the reader to assist in the changes. It is this ability to create desire that makes Stanton an influential writer. Elizabeth Cady was one of eleven children born into a time in history when women had no voice. After the death of her oldest brother Stanton's father commented, "Oh, my daughter, I wish you were a boy!" (Heath 2031). From this early time she was reminded of her limitations, but refused to accept the restrictions. Stanton went so far as to have the word "obey" omitted from her marriage vows to Henry Brewster Stanton. This formidable personality coupled with an eloquent writing ability led her into politics.    It is Stanton's language ... ... Ellen. Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996. King, Martin Luther. "I Have a Dream." A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. Ed. J. M. Washington. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986. 217-220. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. "The American Scholar." The Heath Anthology of American Literature Third Edition. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 1610. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. "from Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences." The Heath Anthology of American Literature Third Edition. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 2031-2033. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. "The Solitude of Self." The Female Experience: An American Documentary. Ed. Gerda Lerner. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977. 490-493.    Political Romantics of Elizabeth Cady Stanton Essay -- Biography Biogr Political Romantics of Elizabeth Cady Stanton      Ã‚   Romantic persuasion enters all genres of literature. At the time of the American Renaissance romanticism became a prominent aspect of writing. It was a time of change not just in literature, but in the political arena. The political turmoil of the time created a new venue for writers with views of a utopian society. These author's, with their ideals, became a catalyst for the continuing changes of today. This cunning use of language, whether intentional or accidental, continues today. Political change comes not just from thought provoking words, but from gaining the emotions of those hearing the words.    During a time in need of sweeping political change an arena is created which can serve a romantic heart well. Whether this heart is seen as romantic or warrior-like it is the passionate wording that entrances the reader. Elizabeth Cady Stanton's work, while seen as political, speaks not just to the mind, but the heart as well. Choosing her language carefully serves two intents, demanding change and evoking desire in the reader to assist in the changes. It is this ability to create desire that makes Stanton an influential writer. Elizabeth Cady was one of eleven children born into a time in history when women had no voice. After the death of her oldest brother Stanton's father commented, "Oh, my daughter, I wish you were a boy!" (Heath 2031). From this early time she was reminded of her limitations, but refused to accept the restrictions. Stanton went so far as to have the word "obey" omitted from her marriage vows to Henry Brewster Stanton. This formidable personality coupled with an eloquent writing ability led her into politics.    It is Stanton's language ... ... Ellen. Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996. King, Martin Luther. "I Have a Dream." A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. Ed. J. M. Washington. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986. 217-220. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. "The American Scholar." The Heath Anthology of American Literature Third Edition. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 1610. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. "from Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences." The Heath Anthology of American Literature Third Edition. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 2031-2033. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. "The Solitude of Self." The Female Experience: An American Documentary. Ed. Gerda Lerner. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977. 490-493.   

Civic Engagement At North Eastern State University

We have identified civic battle as a top degree campus-wide precedence through our strategic planning procedure. Our primary barrier to progressing civic battle is a deficiency of campus-wide substructure to back up and capture civic battle activity happening in curricular and co-curricular scenes. The intent of this white paper is to supply a snap shooting of current activity related to civic battle, place a mensurable long-run aspiration, and offer recommendations for traveling frontward. University Planning Group Strategic Plan The University Planning Group sub-committee focused on Culture of Civic Engagement proposed the undermentioned description and definitions to be adopted by the establishment. Civic Engagement at Northeastern State University is the single committedness to prosecute in a shared duty to take attention of the communities in which we live. This is achieved through the survey, contemplation and action necessary to take personal and societal duty in our single Fieldss of involvement every bit good as in the communities in which we live and serve. Civic battle is lending to a larger community ; is caring about the remainder of the universe ; is consciousness of societal, political, and economic issues within the U.S. and globally ; is recommending for a cause ; is active in lending to community. Types of Civic Engagement[ 1 ]: Academic Service Learning – engages pupils in a three-part procedure: schoolroom readying through account and analysis of theories and thoughts ; service activity that emerges from and informs classroom context ; and structured contemplation binding service experience back to specific learning ends.[ 2 ] Volunteerism – committedness and actions to help in a plan or activity that benefits others Community Service – committedness to turn to and function community demands Community Building – physique swearing relationships among persons and groups around issues of common concern Public Education – draw attending to and consciousness of local, national and planetary issues Community Development – identify and increase the human or economic assets of a community Voting and Political Participation – mobilize influence on public policy through formal political channels Civic Leadership – participate in collaborative decision-making for the benefit of the community Public Scholarship – engage in research that serves the public involvement and has community or social benefits Grassroots Alliances – mobilize Alliess with a common involvement to organize schemes for alteration Environment Scan In 2009, NSU participated in two national surveies focused on pupil perceptual experiences and experiences related to civic battle. The National Survey of Student Engagement ( NSSE ) is an appraisal of freshers and seniors to reflect on single clip devoted to assorted learning activities. NSU 2009 NSSE consequences related to civic battle stated: 7 % of NSU freshman pupils often participate in service-learning or community-based undertakings during a given twelvemonth. 80 % ne'er took portion in such activities. By their senior twelvemonth, 44 % of pupils have participated in some signifier of practicum, internship, field experience, cooperative, or clinical assignment. By the clip they are seniors, 56 % of pupils have participated in community service or voluntary work. The Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership ‘s ( MSL ) intent is to heighten cognition sing college pupil leading development every bit good as the influence of higher instruction on the development of pupil leading capacities. Participants are undergraduates, freshers – seniors. Following are answering distributions on specific features linked to civic battle from the NSU 2009 MSL. 38.5 % of the respondents identified take parting in community service. 36.4 % experienced an academic internship. 20 % participated in an academic acquisition community. The 2009 NSU campus stock list for Campus Compact on academic service-learning happening during the 2008-09 academic twelvemonth: NSU semester norm is 20 academic classs that integrate community service with academic content. 402 pupils participated in academic service-learning which averaged 18.1 hours/week across all classs bing 109143 hours. Nonspecific urethritis does non necessitate academic service-learning classs as portion of the class course of study. Snapshot of activity related to civic battle in academic units. College of Business and Technology – Financial Planning seminars for local community, Volunteer Income Tax Assistance ( VITA ) plan College of Education – Reading clinics for kids, Knowledge is Power Program partnership with Tulsa Public Schools College of Liberal Arts – instructor readying plan focused on the Cherokee linguistic communication and civilization College of Optometry – regional optometry clinics, international service trips College of Science and Health Professions – Speech Pathology clinics Snapshot of activity related to civic battle in co-curricular environment. American Democracy Project ( ADP ) chapter. ADP rank is chiefly module and staff. A little group of pupils have late engaged in ADP. We have sent ADP members to the national conference the last 2 old ages. ADP has developed a growing proposal for execution get downing autumn 2010. Recognized Student Organizations ( RSO ) . 96 pupil organisations are recognized by NSU. 38 % of the organisations organize community service activity as identified in their organisation description. Populating Learning Community. Housing hosts a life larning community focused on service. Large Event. The Senator Rozell Scholars coordinate the one-year Big Event, a 1-day community service undertaking. Over 600 pupils participated in Large Event in March 2010. Center for Student Leadership Development and Community Engagement. Student Affairs has designated an office in the University Center lower degree to function as a cardinal location for a freshly formed Center for Student Leadership Development and Community Engagement. A alumnus helper is dedicated to resource and plan development under the supervising of the Director of Campus Involvement. Campus Compact. NSU is a member of Oklahoma Campus Compact. Our activities over the last 4 old ages with Campus Compact include an AmeriCorps VISTA voluntary, MLK Volunteer Project grant receiver, and one-year study of service. Cherokee Nation Community Service Program. Cherokee Nation requires pupils having fiscal aid to finish a set figure of service hours per semester. Several service plans coordinated by Cherokee Nation and NSU entities are presently underway. 2015 Aspiration: Carnegie Community Engagement Classification The Carnegie Community Engagement Classification standards require the followers: Infrastructure: a campus-wide coordinating substructure ( centre, office, etc. ) to back up and progress community battle, establishment have a definition and a procedure for placing Service Learning classs Budget: internal budgetary allotments dedicated to back uping institutional battle with community, external support dedicated to back uping institutional battle with community, and fund-raising directed to community battle Learning results: institutional ( campus-wide ) larning results for pupils ‘ curricular battle with community, departmental or disciplinary acquisition results for pupils ‘ curricular battle with community, outcomes consistently assessed and used Integration in curricular activities: community battle integrated into Student Research, Student Leadership, Internships/Co-ops, Study Abroad, community battle integrated with course of study on an institution-wide degree – Core Courses Graduate Studies, First Year Sequence Capstone ( Senior degree undertaking ) , In the Majors General Education Faculty scholarship: associated with their curricular battle accomplishments, module scholarship associated with their outreach and partnerships activities ( proficient studies, course of study, research studies, policy studies, publications, etc. ) Outreach and Partnerships: Outreach focuses on the application and proviso of institutional resources for community usage with benefits to both campus and community. Partnerships focal point on collaborative interactions with community and related scholarship for the reciprocally good exchange, geographic expedition, and application of cognition, information, and resources ( research, capacity edifice, economic development, etc. , mechanisms to consistently supply feedback and appraisal to community spouses and to the establishment Recommendations for Traveling Forward Make a NSU Civic Engagement Council dwelling of representative from the American Democracy Project, Student Affairs – Center for Student Leadership and Community Engagement, each academic college, Futures Institute, Herb Rozell Scholars ( Big Event ) , NSGA, and Housing – Living-Learning Community on Civic Engagement, Continuing Education and Athletics. Interested campus community members beyond the identified representatives may go to council meetings. The intent of the council is to strategically incorporate civic battle through: Identifying University-wide ends related to % of pupils who participate in civic battle while at NSU. Develop University pupil larning nonsubjective ( s ) linked to civic battle. Create systematic campus-wide trailing or certification mechanisms to enter and/or path battle with the community Develop a systematic campus-wide appraisal mechanisms to mensurate the impact of institutional battle Provide professional development support for module, staff, and pupils who engage with community Supply the community with a cardinal mercantile establishment for a â€Å" voice † or function for input into institutional or departmental planning for community battle Serve as a cardinal communicating hub for civic battle activity happening throughout campus. Develop an academic enterprise that includes the followers: Get down a conversation on the feasibleness of necessitating service acquisition in every major and minor. Create an interdisciplinary child in civic battle with the aspiration of going a major. 12 credits required for a minor to get down with, so construct a major that is interdisciplinary on top of the minor. Necessitate that all pupils must finish at least one class in service larning leading and finish a service larning undertaking as portion of that class†¦ and all of those classs have a service larning constituent available so that pupils could take the class they want. Create a Service Learning Center that includes full-time module who teach required lower division classs in service larning leading, community development, squad and interpersonal relationships, societal and political motions throughout history, societal organisations and societal action, non-profit leading, etc. etc. The basic thought is a section with a major/minor in countries that may pull new pupils, supply a path to hold bing pupils take part in service acquisition. American Democracy Project creates a particular involvement path or certification within the civic battle major and/or child. Designate shared infinite for civic engagement academic and co-curricular plans coordinated through Academic Affairs and Student Affairs in the installations maestro program. This designated infinite could go a paradigm for interdisciplinary plans and services. Long-run end could be a new edifice dedicated to Making Place Matter through acquisition, invention, and outreach.

Relationship Between Christianity and Slavery in America...

African-American Religion It can be assumed that Christianity shaped slave culture in several ways such as developing a common bond among slaves. At the some time, it could also be argued that slavery altered Christianity in various ways including the formation of Methodist and Baptist denominations. However, these were not the only manners in which both cultures had an effect on each other. Black converts dramatically increased the number of Christians in the New World. The ideas instilled in slaves by Christianity gave some slaves thoughts of rebellion and influenced African-American music and dance. Not to mention the church was a major supporter of the proslavery argument which conveyed slavery as a positive thing during the†¦show more content†¦It wasn’t until the 1790s that whites even attempted to convert slaves to Christianity. Religions that derived from West Africa, where many American slaves came from, depicted few distinctions between the palpable and divine worlds and believed th at water was a symbol of life and hope. With water having a importance in Christianity in the sacrament of baptism, it’s possible that the admiration for water may have inclined slaves to acknowledge Christianity. About a quarter of the Methodist and Baptist churches were formed by blacks by the 1790s and slave owners dreaded that Christianity could result in insubordinate slaves. As a matter of fact, of the three major uprisings by slaves, converted slaves played key parts. Leaders of Gabriel’s Rebellion used the biblical story of the Israelites to show slaves that even against overpowering statistics they could triumph. After reading the Bible, Denmark Vessy accumulated black followers of which most belonged to Charleston’s African Methodist Church to seize Charlston. Nat Turner’s Rebellion, led by Nat Turner, occurred because Turner preached to his followers that he was a prophet for God. Nevertheless, these rebellions actually motivated Protestant mis sionaries to convert more slaves by saying a Christian slave is better than a bitter slave. As a outcome, the amount of black Baptists doubled between 1845 and 1860.Show MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 Pagesalso incorporates religious details throughout the Narrative and the appendix that lend themselves to a separation between â€Å"the Christianity of this land [America] and the Christianity of Christ.† These two distinct religious views cannot coexist in Douglass’ America, and it becomes clear that in order to abolish slavery, first one must confront these two distinct roles of Christianity. 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